{
  "title": "Why Open the Rules Historical Sources",
  "createdBy": "Yoav Duman",
  "publicTeachingEdition": "November 2026",
  "gameFile": "Why_Open_the_Rules_V1.html",
  "gameSha256": "dbfa03ab91c26ea70bf600e5188e96c22cd93c860e7f3745fa339e16fe278cb8",
  "sourcePacket": {
    "title": "Democratization Country Cases",
    "version": "6",
    "date": "2026-11-09"
  },
  "notes": [
    "These notes reproduce all entries in the five historical case evidence keys.",
    "Repeated labels are intentional: some facts have more than one source.",
    "All facts needed for the activity appear in the game. External reading is optional.",
    "Modeled branch responses and Orvessa are invented and are not historical sources."
  ],
  "cases": [
    {
      "id": "korea",
      "name": "South Korea",
      "years": "1987–1988",
      "evidenceCards": [
        {
          "label": "KR1",
          "text": "Economic growth, educated city residents and a larger middle class existed while direct presidential voting remained blocked."
        },
        {
          "label": "KR2",
          "text": "Park Jong-chul’s torture death, a cover-up and blocked reform connected demands for accountability and direct voting."
        },
        {
          "label": "KR3",
          "text": "In June 1987, religious activists, opposition politicians and office workers joined students. Police crackdowns continued."
        }
      ],
      "historicalRecord": "Protests broadened in June 1987 (KR3). Governing candidate Roh Tae-woo then accepted direct elections, publicly linking the concession to ending unrest (KR4). Governing and opposition parties agreed on constitutional changes; voters approved them in a referendum, or public vote (KR5). Roh won the December election with a plurality: more votes than any rival, but less than half overall (KR6). Campaign violence and election-law violations continued. His public reason does not reveal all private motives.",
      "observedRuleChange": "Direct presidential voting became a constitutional rule.",
      "number": {
        "value": "36.6%",
        "label": "Roh Tae-woo’s share of votes counted for candidates in the 1987 election",
        "meaning": "The total is valid votes counted for candidates, excluding invalid ballots and people who did not vote. Using the rounded share, other candidates together received 63.4%, divided among rivals. Adding those votes cannot predict a hypothetical united race."
      },
      "evidenceKey": [
        {
          "label": "KR1",
          "fact": "A contemporary U.S. report described rapid export growth, an educated urban population and a growing middle class while presidential competition remained restricted.",
          "sourceTitle": "U.S. Department of State, Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1987: Republic of Korea",
          "locator": "1987 report, opening political and socioeconomic overview",
          "url": "https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1049505.html",
          "sourceType": "Contemporary government report"
        },
        {
          "label": "KR2",
          "fact": "Park Jong-chul died under police torture in January 1987. Chun stopped constitutional debate on April 13; Catholic priests exposed the cover-up in May.",
          "sourceTitle": "Korea Democracy Foundation, 6·10 Movements",
          "locator": "1987 chronology: Park’s death; April 13 announcement; May 18 disclosure",
          "url": "https://archives.kdemo.or.kr/display/en/move610.html",
          "sourceType": "Historical account"
        },
        {
          "label": "KR3",
          "fact": "June protests included students, religious and opposition activists, office workers and industrial workers. Police repression continued as participation broadened.",
          "sourceTitle": "Korea Democracy Foundation, 6·10 Movements",
          "locator": "June 10 Uprising and participation of workers sections",
          "url": "https://archives.kdemo.or.kr/display/en/move610.html",
          "sourceType": "Historical account"
        },
        {
          "label": "KR4",
          "fact": "In his June 29 statement, Roh accepted direct elections and presented them as a way to overcome social disturbances and achieve reconciliation. This establishes his stated reason, not every private motive.",
          "sourceTitle": "U.S. Embassy Seoul, Roh Tae Woo Calls for Direct Presidential Election — Text of Statement",
          "locator": "Cable Seoul 07642, June 29, 1987; PDF p. 4, first proposal",
          "url": "https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/public/digitallibrary/smof/nsc-asianaffairsdirectorate/kelly/r3/40-285-R3-055-2019.pdf",
          "sourceType": "Public statement recorded by an embassy"
        },
        {
          "label": "KR5",
          "fact": "Governing and opposition parties agreed on an amendment; voters approved it in the October 27, 1987 referendum. It restored direct presidential voting and a single five-year term.",
          "sourceTitle": "National Election Commission of Korea, The 6th National Referendum",
          "locator": "October 27, 1987; historical account of the amendment and referendum",
          "url": "https://museum.nec.go.kr/eng/eexh/eexh_1987.html",
          "sourceType": "Official historical account"
        },
        {
          "label": "KR5",
          "fact": "The revised constitution took full effect on February 25, 1988, after Chun accepted Roh’s proposals and the parties passed a bipartisan revision.",
          "sourceTitle": "U.S. Department of State, Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1987: Republic of Korea",
          "locator": "Opening overview: July 1 acceptance, October revision, February 25, 1988 effective date",
          "url": "https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1049505.html",
          "sourceType": "Contemporary government report"
        },
        {
          "label": "KR6",
          "fact": "Roh won the December 16, 1987 election with 36.6%. The NEC also records opposition division, campaign violence and election-law violations. The activity calculates 63.4% for all other candidates as 100 − 36.6.",
          "sourceTitle": "National Election Commission of Korea, The 13th Presidential Election",
          "locator": "December 16, 1987; result and campaign account; 36.6% is the NEC’s rounded figure",
          "url": "https://museum.nec.go.kr/eng/eexh/eexh_1987_12_16.html",
          "sourceType": "Official election record and historical account"
        },
        {
          "label": "KR6",
          "fact": "The NEC-commissioned historical overview describes Roh’s rounded 36.6% as a share of valid votes. This category excludes invalid ballots; it is not a share of registered voters or the population.",
          "sourceTitle": "Election Museum Basic Plan, NEC-commissioned report (2010, Korean)",
          "locator": "Historical overview, 1987 presidential election section; paragraph using 유효투표수 (valid votes)",
          "url": "https://m.nec.go.kr/files/nec_lab/outstudy/00102_01.pdf",
          "sourceType": "NEC-commissioned retrospective report"
        }
      ],
      "additionalHistoricalLinks": [
        {
          "label": "National Election Commission of Korea: 1987 presidential election",
          "url": "https://museum.nec.go.kr/eng/eexh/eexh_1987_12_16.html"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "poland",
      "name": "Poland",
      "years": "1988–1991",
      "evidenceCards": [
        {
          "label": "PL1",
          "text": "Strikers demanded better living conditions, legal Solidarity and protection for independent organization."
        },
        {
          "label": "PL2",
          "text": "Polish official Józef Czyrek privately described talks as a way to gain support for reforms from opponents willing to negotiate, while rulers retained influence."
        },
        {
          "label": "PL3",
          "text": "Polish leaders had chosen talks before meeting Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. He supported their plan, without guaranteeing every future Soviet response."
        }
      ],
      "historicalRecord": "The 1989 agreement legalized Solidarity and restored the Senate. Rulers and allies reserved 65% of Sejm seats; 35% and every Senate seat were open (PL4). Solidarity-backed candidates won all 161 open Sejm seats and 99 Senate seats. Two parties previously allied with the communist rulers supported a Solidarity-led coalition: protected seats did not guarantee continued loyalty. Tadeusz Mazowiecki became prime minister, with ministers from both sides (PL5). All parliamentary seats opened in 1991 (PL6). That later opening does not prove all negotiators intended it; Soviet support for talks did not guarantee every later response.",
      "observedRuleChange": "A limited electoral opening was followed by coalition change and fully competitive parliamentary elections.",
      "number": {
        "value": "35%",
        "label": "The share of Sejm seats open to competition in 1989",
        "meaning": "This measures open seats, not votes. Reserved seats protected the ruling party and its allies."
      },
      "evidenceKey": [
        {
          "label": "PL1",
          "fact": "Gdańsk strikers’ May and August 1988 demands combined higher wages or compensation for price rises with legal Solidarity, association rights and protection from reprisals.",
          "sourceTitle": "NSZZ Solidarność, Gdańsk Region, Strike demands and committees",
          "locator": "Reproduced Gdańsk Shipyard demand lists for May and August 1988",
          "url": "https://solidarnosc.gda.pl/historia/postulaty-i-komitety-strajkowe-1980-i-1988-r-gdansk/",
          "sourceType": "Reproduced strike demands"
        },
        {
          "label": "PL2",
          "fact": "Czyrek described worsening economic conditions and a strategy of involving opposition figures willing to negotiate, seeking their support for reforms. The record shows a governing tactic, rather than a plan to surrender every office.",
          "sourceTitle": "Gorbachev Foundation archive, Record of Gorbachev–Czyrek conversation",
          "locator": "September 23, 1988; PDF pp. 3 and 6, economic crisis and negotiating tactic",
          "url": "https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB504/docs/1988.09.23%20Memorandum%20of%20Conversation%20between%20Gorbachev%20and%20Czyrek.pdf",
          "sourceType": "Private conversation record"
        },
        {
          "label": "PL3",
          "fact": "The Polish leadership had chosen talks before this meeting. Gorbachev supported its approach and Polish decision making; he did not guarantee every later Soviet response.",
          "sourceTitle": "Gorbachev–Czyrek memorandum, National Security Archive edition",
          "locator": "September 23, 1988; archival introduction and memorandum PDF pp. 10–11",
          "url": "https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/28338-document-18-memorandum-conversation-between-gorbachev-and-polish-politburo-member",
          "sourceType": "Private conversation record and editors’ introduction"
        },
        {
          "label": "PL4",
          "fact": "The Round Table settlement restored the Senate in 1989. The April 7 constitutional amendment implemented it; there was no functioning Senate at the start of the 1988 crisis.",
          "sourceTitle": "Senate of Poland, Senate since 1989",
          "locator": "First free elections section; February 6–April 5 talks and April 7, 1989 amendment",
          "url": "https://senat.edu.pl/historia-senatu-rp/senat-rp-po-1989-r/",
          "sourceType": "Official historical account"
        },
        {
          "label": "PL4",
          "fact": "The 1989 bargain legalized Solidarity, opened every Senate seat, and reserved 65% of the 460 Sejm seats for rulers and allies. The remaining 161 seats were 35% of the Sejm: a seat share, not a vote share.",
          "sourceTitle": "Inter-Parliamentary Union, Poland Sejm election 1989",
          "locator": "April 5, 1989 accords; Background and outcome of elections; seat distribution",
          "url": "https://data.ipu.org/election-summary/HTML/2255_89.htm",
          "sourceType": "Inter-parliamentary election report"
        },
        {
          "label": "PL5",
          "fact": "Solidarity-backed candidates won all 161 open Sejm seats and 99 of 100 Senate seats across the June 1989 voting rounds. These results did not give Solidarity alone a Sejm majority.",
          "sourceTitle": "Senate of Poland, Senate since 1989",
          "locator": "First free elections section, June 4 and June 18, 1989 results",
          "url": "https://senat.edu.pl/historia-senatu-rp/senat-rp-po-1989-r/",
          "sourceType": "Official historical account"
        },
        {
          "label": "PL5",
          "fact": "Former ruling-bloc allies ZSL and SD supported a Solidarity-led coalition. Mazowiecki became prime minister in August; the September cabinet included Solidarity and communist ministers. Reserved seats did not require continued coalition loyalty.",
          "sourceTitle": "President of Poland, 1989: Break-Through Year",
          "locator": "Chronology entries for August 7, August 24 and September 12, 1989",
          "url": "https://www.president.pl/archives/bronislaw-komorowski/freedom-day/1989",
          "sourceType": "Official retrospective chronology"
        },
        {
          "label": "PL6",
          "fact": "The October 27, 1991 parliamentary election opened all seats to contenders, unlike the limited competition agreed in 1989.",
          "sourceTitle": "Inter-Parliamentary Union, Poland Sejm election 1991",
          "locator": "Background and outcome of elections, first paragraph",
          "url": "https://data.ipu.org/election-summary/HTML/2255_91.htm",
          "sourceType": "Inter-parliamentary election report"
        }
      ],
      "additionalHistoricalLinks": [
        {
          "label": "Gorbachev–Czyrek conversation memorandum, September 23, 1988",
          "url": "https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/28338-document-18-memorandum-conversation-between-gorbachev-and-polish-politburo-member"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "south-africa",
      "name": "South Africa",
      "years": "1990–1994",
      "evidenceCards": [
        {
          "label": "SA1",
          "text": "Apartheid denied national voting rights to the Black majority. The ANC was banned and Mandela imprisoned."
        },
        {
          "label": "SA2",
          "text": "Community groups and unions resisted repression. Outside economic and cultural pressure grew; their separate effects remain uncertain."
        },
        {
          "label": "SA3",
          "text": "President de Klerk described talks as an alternative to conflict and Soviet changes as altering security concerns."
        }
      ],
      "historicalRecord": "The government lifted opposition bans and released Mandela in 1990 (SA1, SA3). Talks continued through violence and breakdowns. A temporary constitution combined voting regardless of race, rights protections and power sharing (SA4–SA5). Parties winning at least 20 Assembly seats could receive cabinet posts. After the 1994 election, the National Assembly elected Mandela president; the ANC, National Party and Inkatha Freedom Party joined government (SA6). Losing parties gained temporary roles, not a permanent minority veto. Each cause’s contribution remains uncertain.",
      "observedRuleChange": "Adult voting regardless of race was combined with temporary power sharing.",
      "number": {
        "value": "82 seats",
        "label": "The National Party’s seats out of 400 in 1994",
        "meaning": "The National Party exceeded the 20-seat requirement. The ANC won 252 seats. Each party had to qualify separately."
      },
      "evidenceKey": [
        {
          "label": "SA1",
          "fact": "Black South Africans were excluded from the 1989 national parliamentary vote, while the National Party remained the governing party.",
          "sourceTitle": "South African Institute of Race Relations, Survey 1988/89",
          "locator": "Overview, Introduction, discussion of the September 6, 1989 election",
          "url": "https://sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/SAIRR%20Survey%201988-89.pdf",
          "sourceType": "Contemporary civil-society report"
        },
        {
          "label": "SA1",
          "fact": "The ANC was banned in April 1960. Mandela remained imprisoned until his release on February 11, 1990.",
          "sourceTitle": "Nelson Mandela Foundation, Trials and prisons chronology",
          "locator": "Entries for April 8, 1960 and February 11, 1990",
          "url": "https://www.nelsonmandela.org/trials-and-prison-chronology",
          "sourceType": "Historical chronology"
        },
        {
          "label": "SA2",
          "fact": "Trade unions and the Mass Democratic Movement organized stayaways and a defiance campaign around the 1989 election; police responses included repression.",
          "sourceTitle": "South African Institute of Race Relations, Survey 1988/89",
          "locator": "Overview, Introduction, election stayaways and defiance campaign",
          "url": "https://sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/SAIRR%20Survey%201988-89.pdf",
          "sourceType": "Contemporary civil-society report"
        },
        {
          "label": "SA2",
          "fact": "The UN Security Council urged member states to take economic and cultural measures against South Africa. This documents outside pressure without measuring its separate causal effect.",
          "sourceTitle": "United Nations Security Council, Resolution 569 (1985)",
          "locator": "July 26, 1985, operative provisions on economic and cultural measures",
          "url": "https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/87856/",
          "sourceType": "International resolution"
        },
        {
          "label": "SA3",
          "fact": "On February 2, 1990, de Klerk announced the unbanning of the ANC and other organizations. He presented negotiation as an alternative to conflict and Soviet changes as reducing security threats. These are his public arguments.",
          "sourceTitle": "F. W. de Klerk, Address at the opening of Parliament",
          "locator": "February 2, 1990, opening paragraphs and section on unbanning organizations",
          "url": "https://www.gov.za/news/address-state-president-mr-fw-de-klerk-dms-opening-second-session-ninth-parliament-republic",
          "sourceType": "Public statement"
        },
        {
          "label": "SA4",
          "fact": "The ANC suspended negotiations in June 1992 after the Boipatong killings while still declaring support for a negotiated settlement. The statement’s allegations of responsibility are the ANC’s claims.",
          "sourceTitle": "ANC National Executive Committee, Emergency meeting statement",
          "locator": "June 23, 1992, opening statement and Negotiations section",
          "url": "https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/index.php/site/q/03lv02039/04lv02133/05lv02139/06lv02145.htm",
          "sourceType": "Party public statement"
        },
        {
          "label": "SA4",
          "fact": "The government and ANC agreed in September 1992 on an elected constitution-making body and an interim government of national unity, alongside prisoner and safety issues.",
          "sourceTitle": "Government of South Africa and ANC, Record of Understanding",
          "locator": "September 26, 1992, paragraphs 2(a)–2(d)",
          "url": "https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/index.php/site/q/03lv02039/04lv02046/05lv02092/06lv02096.htm",
          "sourceType": "Negotiated agreement"
        },
        {
          "label": "SA5",
          "fact": "The interim Constitution provided adult voting without racial exclusion and protected basic rights. Parties with at least 20 Assembly seats could choose to join government and obtain cabinet portfolios.",
          "sourceTitle": "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 200 of 1993",
          "locator": "Sections 6, 8, 21 and 88(2); commencement April 27, 1994",
          "url": "https://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/constitution-republic-south-africa-act-200-1993-repealed-28-jan-1994",
          "sourceType": "Constitutional rule"
        },
        {
          "label": "SA5",
          "fact": "Cabinet entitlements were transitional rather than a permanent racial veto. The final Constitution continued special national executive arrangements until April 30, 1999.",
          "sourceTitle": "Constitution of South Africa, 1996, Schedule 6",
          "locator": "Item 9, National Executive; Annexure B, Government of National Unity",
          "url": "https://www.gov.za/documents/notices/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996-schedule-6-transitional-arrangements-07",
          "sourceType": "Constitutional rule"
        },
        {
          "label": "SA6",
          "fact": "In 1994 the ANC won 252 of 400 Assembly seats, the National Party 82 and the IFP 43. The National Assembly elected Mandela president and all three parties entered the cabinet. Each exceeded the 20-seat cabinet threshold separately.",
          "sourceTitle": "Inter-Parliamentary Union, South Africa National Assembly election 1994",
          "locator": "April 26–29, 1994; seat distribution and May government-formation account; seat totals only",
          "url": "https://data.ipu.org/election-summary/HTML/2291_94.htm",
          "sourceType": "Inter-parliamentary election report"
        }
      ],
      "additionalHistoricalLinks": [
        {
          "label": "South Africa: 1993 interim Constitution, section 88",
          "url": "https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/legal/sacon93.htm"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ghana",
      "name": "Ghana",
      "years": "1992–2001",
      "evidenceCards": [
        {
          "label": "GH1–GH2",
          "text": "Voters adopted a constitution in April 1992. Rulers lifted the party ban in May, and Rawlings later won that year. The constitution took effect in January 1993."
        },
        {
          "label": "GH3",
          "text": "Carter Center observers reported registration problems. They did not observe a systematic pattern of rigging, but could not determine whether the allegations of rigging were true."
        },
        {
          "label": "GH4",
          "text": "Law protected the Electoral Commission, which organizes elections, from other authorities’ orders. Protection alone does not prove fairness."
        }
      ],
      "historicalRecord": "A constitution adopted in 1992 took effect on January 7, 1993 (GH1). Legal protections were followed by party meetings, a publicly checked voter list, party copies and clear ballot boxes (GH4–GH5). Opposition parties competed in 1996; which reform caused their return is uncertain. A separate two-term limit prevented Rawlings running in 2000 (GH6). His party’s John Atta Mills lost the runoff, a second-round election, to John Kufuor, who took office in January 2001. Election procedures affected how voting worked; the term limit determined who could run.",
      "observedRuleChange": "Parties returned to competition under more inspectable procedures, and office later passed to the opposition.",
      "number": {
        "value": "56.90%",
        "label": "Kufuor’s share of votes counted for candidates in the December 2000 runoff",
        "meaning": "This is the second round’s vote share, not the population share. Mills lost; Rawlings could not run."
      },
      "evidenceKey": [
        {
          "label": "GH1",
          "fact": "The 1992 transition included an April constitutional referendum and the lifting of the party ban in May. Government and opposition disputed how quickly organizing should be allowed.",
          "sourceTitle": "Inter-Parliamentary Union, Ghana parliamentary election 1992",
          "locator": "Background and outcome, March–May 1992 timetable",
          "url": "https://data.ipu.org/election-summary/HTML/2123_92.htm",
          "sourceType": "Inter-parliamentary election report"
        },
        {
          "label": "GH1",
          "fact": "Voters adopted the constitution by referendum in April 1992. It took effect on January 7, 1993, after the 1992 presidential and parliamentary elections; the 1996 elections were the first held under it.",
          "sourceTitle": "Commonwealth Observer Group, Ghana 1996 election report",
          "locator": "Electoral Framework chapter, printed p. 7, The Constitution",
          "url": "https://thecommonwealth.org/publications/presidential-and-parliamentary-elections-ghana-7-december-1996",
          "sourceType": "Election observer report"
        },
        {
          "label": "GH2",
          "fact": "Rawlings won the 1992 presidential election; major opposition parties disputed it and boycotted the later parliamentary election. They returned to competition in 1996 despite continuing concerns.",
          "sourceTitle": "Commonwealth Observer Group, Ghana 1996 election report",
          "locator": "Political Background chapter, printed pp. 3–5; avoid its inconsistent historical turnout figures",
          "url": "https://thecommonwealth.org/publications/presidential-and-parliamentary-elections-ghana-7-december-1996",
          "sourceType": "Election observer report"
        },
        {
          "label": "GH3",
          "fact": "Carter observers reported a flawed register and inconsistent identification. They did not observe a systematic pattern showing rigging, but could not determine whether the allegations were true. Their observation does not prove that no fraud occurred.",
          "sourceTitle": "Carter Center, Ghana Election Mission report",
          "locator": "Executive Summary, November 6, 1992, paragraph on irregularities and allegations",
          "url": "https://www.cartercenter.org/publication/final-report-ghana-1992/",
          "sourceType": "Contemporary observer report"
        },
        {
          "label": "GH4",
          "fact": "The Constitution protects the Electoral Commission from another person’s or authority’s direction or control, subject to the Constitution. A legal safeguard alone does not establish impartial conduct.",
          "sourceTitle": "Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, 1992",
          "locator": "Article 46, Independence of the Commission; PDF p. 49",
          "url": "https://osp.gov.gh/media/Resources/Ghana_Constitution.pdf",
          "sourceType": "Constitutional rule"
        },
        {
          "label": "GH5",
          "fact": "The commission rebuilt the register in 1995, displayed it for voter and party checks, supplied parties copies, introduced transparent boxes and held regular inter-party meetings. The sequence does not isolate which reform caused opposition participation.",
          "sourceTitle": "Commonwealth Observer Group, Ghana 1996 election report",
          "locator": "Electoral Framework chapter, printed pp. 8–9 and 13–14: Voter Registration and Other Innovations",
          "url": "https://thecommonwealth.org/publications/presidential-and-parliamentary-elections-ghana-7-december-1996",
          "sourceType": "Election observer report"
        },
        {
          "label": "GH6",
          "fact": "The Constitution bars a person from being elected president for more than two terms. This is an eligibility rule, separate from procedures for registering voters or counting ballots.",
          "sourceTitle": "Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, 1992",
          "locator": "Article 66(2), Term of Office of President; PDF p. 57",
          "url": "https://osp.gov.gh/media/Resources/Ghana_Constitution.pdf",
          "sourceType": "Constitutional rule"
        },
        {
          "label": "GH6",
          "fact": "The Electoral Commission declared Kufuor president-elect after he won more than half of valid votes in the December 28, 2000 runoff.",
          "sourceTitle": "Electoral Commission of Ghana, Declaration of President-elect Instrument 2000, C.I. 32",
          "locator": "Signed December 30, 2000; Gazette notification January 5, 2001",
          "url": "https://judicial.gov.gh/jsweb/index.php/jsg-services/libraryservices/statute-on-elections/377-declaration-of-president-elect-instrument-2000-ci-32",
          "sourceType": "Official result declaration"
        },
        {
          "label": "GH6",
          "fact": "Kufuor received 3,631,263 of 6,381,387 valid runoff votes, or 56.90%; Mills received 43.10%. The denominator excludes invalid votes and people who did not vote.",
          "sourceTitle": "IFES ElectionGuide, Ghanaian Presidency 2000 Round 2",
          "locator": "December 28, 2000, Results table; valid votes and vote share by candidate",
          "url": "https://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/1833/",
          "sourceType": "Election results database"
        },
        {
          "label": "GH6",
          "fact": "Rawlings could not seek another elected term; Mills stood for the governing party. Kufuor took office on January 7, 2001.",
          "sourceTitle": "Inter-Parliamentary Union, Ghana parliamentary election 2000",
          "locator": "Background and outcome: term limit, presidential succession and January 7 inauguration; presidential percentages not used",
          "url": "https://data.ipu.org/election-summary/HTML/2123_00.htm",
          "sourceType": "Inter-parliamentary election report"
        }
      ],
      "additionalHistoricalLinks": [
        {
          "label": "Constitution of Ghana: Articles 46 and 66",
          "url": "https://osp.gov.gh/media/Resources/Ghana_Constitution.pdf"
        },
        {
          "label": "Ghana Electoral Commission: institutional overview",
          "url": "https://ec.gov.gh/chairperson-message/"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "taiwan",
      "name": "Taiwan",
      "years": "1986–1996",
      "evidenceCards": [
        {
          "label": "TW1",
          "text": "Economic growth and some elections coexisted with martial law. Citizens could not directly elect the president."
        },
        {
          "label": "TW2",
          "text": "Independent opposition candidates used limited elections. Workers, press-freedom groups and other movements demanded reforms."
        },
        {
          "label": "TW3",
          "text": "On October 15, 1986, President Chiang Ching-kuo convened a KMT committee that agreed on a security law and new civic organizations. This records a governing decision, not all private motives."
        }
      ],
      "historicalRecord": "The opposition Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) formed despite the ban in 1986; authorities tolerated it (TW2). Chiang Ching-kuo ended martial law in 1987. After his death in January 1988, Lee Teng-hui succeeded him (TW3–TW4). Further governing decisions legalized parties in 1989 and renewed national bodies through elections in 1991–1992 (TW4–TW5). Citizens directly elected the president in 1996; Lee won for the KMT (TW6). Organizing and governing decisions both feature in this account. Their separate effects are uncertain; the evidence does not show growth made reform inevitable.",
      "observedRuleChange": "Restrictions on party organization and national electoral competition were removed in stages.",
      "number": {
        "value": "54.00%",
        "label": "Lee Teng-hui’s share of votes counted for candidates, 1996",
        "meaning": "The governing party won under changed rules. This does not prove what leaders expected ten years earlier."
      },
      "evidenceKey": [
        {
          "label": "TW1",
          "fact": "Government infrastructure and economic development expanded in the 1970s; martial law continued until July 1987. Growth therefore preceded the removal of this restriction.",
          "sourceTitle": "Office of the President, Taiwan, Chiang Ching-kuo timeline",
          "locator": "1972–1978 and 1978–1988 entries; July 14, 1987 announcement",
          "url": "https://english.president.gov.tw/Page/85",
          "sourceType": "Official retrospective"
        },
        {
          "label": "TW1",
          "fact": "Local elections occurred under martial law; the first direct presidential election came in 1996. These were different electoral rules.",
          "sourceTitle": "Taiwan Central Election Commission, Election History",
          "locator": "Election Chronicles: 1949 martial law; 1950–1951 local elections; March 23, 1996",
          "url": "https://web.cec.gov.tw/english/article/24",
          "sourceType": "Official election chronology"
        },
        {
          "label": "TW2",
          "fact": "Opposition candidates had run as independents. The DPP formed despite the party ban in 1986, and authorities allowed it to operate.",
          "sourceTitle": "U.S. Department of State, Taiwan Background Note",
          "locator": "December 2005, Political Conditions section",
          "url": "https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/taiwan/52710.htm",
          "sourceType": "Government retrospective"
        },
        {
          "label": "TW2",
          "fact": "Taiwan’s 1980s civic movements included campaigns for press freedom and labor rights as well as democratic reform.",
          "sourceTitle": "Office of the President, Taiwan’s Vibrant Democracy, Moving Forward with the World",
          "locator": "Paragraphs describing 1980s civil society and its range of demands",
          "url": "https://www.president.gov.tw/qrcode/19e",
          "sourceType": "Public retrospective account"
        },
        {
          "label": "TW3",
          "fact": "Chiang Ching-kuo convened the KMT Central Standing Committee on October 15, 1986; it reached agreement on a national security law and establishment of new civic entities.",
          "sourceTitle": "Office of the President, Taiwan, Chiang Ching-kuo timeline",
          "locator": "Personal timeline, October 15, 1986",
          "url": "https://english.president.gov.tw/Page/85",
          "sourceType": "Official retrospective"
        },
        {
          "label": "TW4",
          "fact": "Chiang announced that martial law would end on July 15, 1987, when the National Security Law would also take effect.",
          "sourceTitle": "Office of the President, Taiwan, Chiang Ching-kuo timeline",
          "locator": "Personal timeline, July 1 and July 14, 1987",
          "url": "https://english.president.gov.tw/Page/85",
          "sourceType": "Official retrospective"
        },
        {
          "label": "TW4",
          "fact": "Chiang Ching-kuo died on January 13, 1988; Lee Teng-hui succeeded him as president that day. The official timeline records further constitutional reforms beginning in 1990.",
          "sourceTitle": "Office of the President, Taiwan, Lee Teng-hui timeline",
          "locator": "January 13, 1988 succession; Presidency (democratic reforms), 1990s",
          "url": "https://english.president.gov.tw/Page/86",
          "sourceType": "Official retrospective"
        },
        {
          "label": "TW4",
          "fact": "A January 27, 1989 law provided the route for previously formed parties to register and obtain legal party status. Toleration and legal recognition were separate steps.",
          "sourceTitle": "Constitutional Court of Taiwan, Judgment No. 793",
          "locator": "August 28, 2020 judgment, paragraph 45 on the 1989 civil associations law",
          "url": "https://cons.judicial.gov.tw/en/docdata.aspx?fid=100&id=310974",
          "sourceType": "Court judgment about earlier law"
        },
        {
          "label": "TW5",
          "fact": "Full elections were held for the National Assembly on December 21, 1991 and Legislative Yuan on December 19, 1992.",
          "sourceTitle": "Taiwan Central Election Commission, Election History",
          "locator": "Election Chronicles, December 21, 1991 and December 19, 1992",
          "url": "https://web.cec.gov.tw/english/article/24",
          "sourceType": "Official election chronology"
        },
        {
          "label": "TW6",
          "fact": "Citizens directly elected the president on March 23, 1996. KMT candidate Lee Teng-hui received 5,813,699 votes, or 54.00% of votes counted for candidates. This does not establish his party’s expectations in 1986.",
          "sourceTitle": "Taiwan Central Election Commission, 1996 Presidential and Vice Presidential Election",
          "locator": "March 23, 1996 results table, Lee Teng-hui row",
          "url": "https://web.cec.gov.tw/english/article/21785",
          "sourceType": "Official election results"
        }
      ],
      "additionalHistoricalLinks": [
        {
          "label": "Taiwan Central Election Commission: 1996 presidential election results",
          "url": "https://web.cec.gov.tw/english/article/21785"
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}